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Kemalism
Kemalism ((トルコ語:Kemalizm)), also known as Atatürkism ((トルコ語:Atatürkçülük, Atatürkçü düşünce)), or the Six Arrows ((トルコ語:Altı ok)), is the founding ideology of the Republic of Turkey.〔Eric J. Zurcher, Turkey: A Modern History. New York, J.B. Tauris & Co ltd. page 181〕 Kemalism, as it was implemented by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, was defined by sweeping political, social, cultural and religious reforms designed to separate the new Turkish state from its Ottoman predecessor and embrace a Westernized way of living,〔Cleveland, William L., and Martin P. Bunton. A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder: Westview, 2013. Print.〕 including the establishment of democracy, civil and political equality for women, secularism, state support of the sciences and free education, many of which were first introduced to Turkey during Atatürk's presidency in his reforms.〔Mastering Modern World History by Norman Lowe, second edition〕
Many of the root ideas of Kemalism began during the late Ottoman Empire under various reforms to avoid the imminent collapse of the Empire, beginning chiefly in the early 19th-century Tanzimat reforms.〔Cleveland, William L & Martin Bunton, A History of the Modern Middle East: 4th Edition, Westview Press: 2009, p. 82.〕 The mid-century Young Ottomans attempted to create the ideology of Ottoman nationalism, or Ottomanism, to quell the rising ethnic nationalism in the Empire and introduce limited democracy for the first time while maintaining Islamist influences. In the early 20th century, Young Turks abandoned Ottoman nationalism in favor of early Turkish nationalism, while adopting a secular political outlook. After the demise of the Ottoman Empire, Atatürk, influenced by both the Young Ottomans and the Young Turks, as well as by their successes and failures, led the declaration of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, borrowing from the earlier movements' ideas of secularism and Turkish nationalism, while bringing about for the first time free education, women's rights,〔Andrew Mango ''Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey'', Overlook Press, 2002, ISBN 978-1-58567-334-6, (), p. 164〕 and other reforms that have been enshrined by later leaders into guidelines for government of Turkey.
==Philosophy==
Kemalism is a modernization philosophy which guided the transition between multi-religious, multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire to the secular, unitary Republic of Turkey. Kemalism sets the boundaries of the social process in the Turkish Reformation. Atatürk is the founder of Kemalism, and his doctrine was implemented as state ideology even after his death.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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